What is a mortgage?

A mortgage is a loan specifically designed to help people buy property. In the UK, mortgages are a common way for individuals and families to purchase homes, as few people can afford to pay the full price upfront. Here’s a detailed breakdown of what a mortgage entails, how it works, and what you should consider if you’re thinking about getting one.

A mortgage is essentially a secured loan where the property you are purchasing serves as collateral. This means if you fail to repay the mortgage, the lender has the right to take possession of the property through a process known as foreclosure. The amount borrowed (the principal) is paid back over a set period, usually 25 years, though terms can vary. Along with repaying the principal, the borrower also pays interest on the loan.

Types of mortgages

In the UK, there are several types of mortgages to choose from, each with its features:

Fixed-rate mortgages: The interest rate remains constant for an agreed period, typically between two and ten years. This provides stability as monthly payments stay the same, regardless of changes in the Bank of England’s base rate.

Variable-rate mortgages: The interest rate can change, usually in line with the Bank of England base rate or the lender’s standard variable rate (SVR). These include:

Tracker mortgages: The rate tracks a base rate (often the Bank of England’s) at a set margin above or below it.

Discounted variable rate mortgages: These offer a discount on the lender’s SVR for a certain period.

Capped-rate mortgages: The rate can go up or down, but there is a cap above which it cannot rise.

Interest-only mortgages: Borrowers pay only the interest on the loan each month, not the principal. At the end of the term, the full loan amount must be repaid. This type requires a solid repayment plan, as the borrower still owes the original amount at the end.

Offset mortgages: Savings are used to offset the mortgage balance, reducing the interest paid. For example, if you have a mortgage of £200,000 and £20,000 in savings, you only pay interest on £180,000.

Key terms and concepts

Deposit: The initial amount you pay upfront, typically a percentage of the property’s value. A larger deposit can often secure a better mortgage rate.

Loan-to-value (LTV): This ratio compares the size of the loan to the value of the property. For example, a £180,000 mortgage on a £200,000 property has a 90% LTV.

Repayment period: The time over which the mortgage is paid off, usually 25 years, but it can be longer or shorter depending on the agreement.

Affordability assessment: Lenders assess your financial situation, including income, expenses, and existing debts, to determine if you can afford the mortgage.

The mortgage application process

Determine affordability: Before applying, it’s crucial to understand how much you can afford. Use mortgage calculators available online to estimate monthly payments.

Find a suitable property: Once you know your budget, you can start looking for properties within your price range.

Choose a mortgage: Compare different mortgage deals. You can use comparison websites or consult a mortgage broker for advice.

Apply for a mortgage: Submit your application with required documents like proof of income, employment details, and other financial information.

Approval and valuation: If your application is approved, the lender will conduct a valuation to ensure the property’s worth.

Offer and completion: Once everything is in order, the lender will issue a mortgage offer. After the legal paperwork is completed, you can move into your new home.

Costs and fees

Aside from the deposit and monthly repayments, there are other costs to consider:

Arrangement fees: Fees charged by the lender for setting up the mortgage.

Valuation fees: Costs for the property valuation, though sometimes this is included.

Legal fees: Costs for the solicitors handling the legal side of buying the property.

Stamp duty: A tax paid on property purchases over a certain value.

Tips for getting the best mortgage deal

Improve your credit score: A higher credit score can help secure better interest rates.

Save for a larger deposit: The more you can put down upfront, the less you need to borrow, which can reduce costs.

Consider the total cost: Look beyond the interest rate and consider the overall cost, including fees and potential penalties.

Seek professional advice: Mortgage brokers can provide valuable insights and help find deals you might not be able to access on your own.

What is a mortgage?